This textbook critically examines controversial areas in neurological surgery by applying current evidence to enhance understanding of disease pathophysiology and outcomes from both surgical and non-surgical treatments. It provides an organized framework for understanding where current evidence can be applied clinically and highlights areas where evidence gaps exist, suggesting directions for future research. The book is divided into six sections:

Clinical Evidence: Understanding levels of clinical evidence and appropriate study designs.

Spine: Addressing challenges in spinal neurosurgery.

Functional Neurosurgery: Exploring evidence in functional neurosurgical procedures.

Tumors: Reviewing evidence related to neurosurgical oncology.

Pediatric Neurosurgery: Discussing evidence in pediatric neurosurgical practices.

Vascular Neurosurgery: Examining evidence in vascular neurosurgical interventions.

Each section provides current evidence in areas where clinical uncertainty exists, aiming to challenge current dogmas and fill gaps in the evidence base.